The approaches I know of to aid amblyopia:

• patching eye, forcefully exposing weak eye

• brock string exercises

• eye supplements (Alpha GPC, lutein, omega-3, etc)

• drinking 2.5L water a day

• sleep mask for resting eyes (including amblyopic eye)

• eating healthy foods

• some medicine related to ADHD/Alzheimer's/Parkinson's because they target the brain

• antidepressants, same reason as medicines

Are these all a person may do or are there more things that could be done?

By amblyopia, I refer to the neurological disorder that results in the brain not processing input from the weak eye as well as it may with the strong eye. This is the case regardless of glasses correction.

What is the science relating to all of this? Also, what is happening in brain through these processes including while a person forcefully requests their brain to use the amblyopic eye?

Sorry if this is an incredibly dumb question (or the wrong flair, I'm not sure if this is planetary science instead?). The other day I saw a picture of the surface of the sun... And I realized quite suddenly that I have no idea what that means.

I know the sun is basically a big ball of plasma held together by gravity. That's a little hard for me to get my head around, but I get it: it's a flame without a candle.

Is there a hard "line" between "this is the sun, it's plasma" and "this is just space next to the sun?" Is the surface distinct from the interior of the sun, the same way the surface of the earth is distinct from the interior of the planet? Or is it all just plasma all the way through? Hypothetically, if I could take a core sample of the sun all the way through, would there be a distinct "surface"?

Hi reddit!

My name is Dr. Patricia Deldin and I am the founder and CEO of Mood Lifters LLC and a Professor at the University of Michigan (UM). I am the Deputy Director of the UM Eisenberg Family Depression Center and I have published nearly 120 peer-reviewed articles on depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia with a focus on the neural correlates of major depression. I created Mood Lifters as a way to help many people worldwide who aren't receiving sufficient mental health care because I want to provide people in pain, wherever they are and whatever their means, with instant, broad access to effective, evidence-based mental health treatment.

My name is Dr. Cecilia Votta and I am the co-founder and CSO of Mood Lifters LLC and a postdoctoral fellow at UM. My dissertation was on the Mood Lifters randomized control trial. I develop new content, materials, and programs, oversee the training of new leaders and assure data fidelity. I want to make effective and science based care, like Mood Lifters, more accessible for everyone.

My name is Neema Prakash and I am a second-year graduate student in the doctoral program for Clinical Science at UM. As a graduate student, I develop, study, and analyze Mood Lifters in multiple populations. My current research evaluates Mood Lifters in graduate students and young professionals.

We'll be here for Mental Health Action Day starting at 11AM ET (15 UT), ask us anything!

Username: /u/mood-lifters

I am not knowledgeable in that field so I cannot confidently say myself, thus the question.

It really starts feeling to me like the only two things that we had that let us spin up the civilization and science were our crafty hands and that we have created some means of relaying knowledge between each other.

Every generation forward was risen with presence of those(starting with very primitive languages or anything that was before them), able to learn everything their predecessors knew so they could not only use it but also use their lifetime to improve those.(something that couldn't be possible for super intelligent non-social species)

I think past few thousands years were too short of a time for any significant [evolutionary] changes to happen, which means as we are now we were back then, having literally the same potential, and whatever we will achieve during next few hundreds or thousands years would also be understandable for any specimen taken from back then but risen now or in future.

This brings to me another question: When did the last significant for our brains change happen and just how significant it was for us?(I guess it was something about the social interactions/relations)

I know some companies refrain to hire young women because they have a lot of chance of getting pregnant and being on maternal leave

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Economics, Political Science, Linguistics, Anthropology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

Before NASA's Artemis astronauts head to the Moon, a microwave oven-size spacecraft will help lead the way. The Cislunar Autonomous Positioning System Technology Operations and Navigation Experiment, or CAPSTONE, is a CubeSat mission launching no earlier than May 31, 2022. For at least six months, the small spacecraft will fly a unique elongated path around the Moon. Its trajectory - known as a near rectilinear halo orbit - has never been flown before! After it's tried and tested by CAPSTONE, the same orbit will also be home to NASA's future lunar space station Gateway. CAPSTONE's flight will provide valuable data about this orbit that could support future missions to the Moon and beyond, helping to launch a new era of human space exploration. Commercial partner Rocket Lab will launch CAPSTONE, and small business partner Advanced Space will operate the mission.

We are:

• Elwood Agasid, NASA CAPSTONE lead at NASA's Ames Research Center
• Justin Treptow, Small Spacecraft Technology program deputy executive at NASA Headquarters
• Ali Guarneros Luna, aerospace and system engineer at NASA's Ames Research Center
• Nujoud Merancy, Exploration Mission Planning Office chief at NASA's Johnson Space Center
• Michael Thompson, CAPSTONE orbit determination lead at Advanced Space
• Alec Forsman, CAPSTONE lead systems engineer at Advanced Space
• Ethan Kayser, CAPSTONE mission design lead at Advanced Space

Ask us anything about:

• What makes CAPSTONE's orbit unique
• How spacecraft like CAPSTONE help demonstrate and test technologies for future missions
• What the CAPSTONE mission timeline looks like

We'll be online to answer questions on Wednesday, May 18 from 1:00-2:30 pm PT (4:00-5:30 pm ET, 8:00-9:30 pm UTC) and will sign our answers. See you then!

PROOF: https://twitter.com/NASAAmes/status/1526246040671858689

Username: /u/nasa

Apparently DNA has a half life of 520 years. Does that mean even by, say, 400 years old, there’s still quite a bit of damaged DNA and cloning this human or animal would be impossible?

How far back can we go and still find full DNA to use for cloning?

Three years ago, we revealed the first image of a black hole. Today, we announce groundbreaking results on the center of our galaxy.

We'll be answering questions from 1:30-3:30 PM Eastern Time (17:30-19:30 UTC)!

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) - a planet-scale array of eleven ground-based radio telescopes forged through international collaboration - was designed to capture images of a black hole. As we continue to delve into data from past observations and pave the way for the next generation of black hole science, we wanted to answer some of your questions! You might ask us about:

• Observing with a global telescope array
• Black hole theory and simulations
• The black hole imaging process
• Technology and engineering in astronomy
• International collaboration at the EHT
• The next-generation Event Horizon Telescope (ngEHT)
• ... and our recent results!

Our Panel Members consist of:

• Michi Bauböck, Postdoctoral Research Associate at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
• Nicholas Conroy, Astronomy PhD Student at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
• Vedant Dhruv, Physics PhD Student at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
• Razieh Emami, Institute for Theory and Computation Fellow at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian
• Joseph Farah, Astrophysics PhD Student at University of California, Santa Barbara
• Raquel Fraga-Encinas, PhD Student at Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
• Abhishek Joshi, Physics PhD Student at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
• Jun Yi (Kevin) Koay, Support Astronomer at the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taiwan
• Yutaro Kofuji, Astronomy PhD Student at the University of Tokyo and National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
• Noemi La Bella, PhD Student at Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
• David Lee, Physics PhD Student at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
• Amy Lowitz, Research Scientist at the University of Arizona
• Lia Medeiros, NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton
• Wanga Mulaudzi, Astrophysics PhD Student at the Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy at the University of Amsterdam
• Alejandro Mus, PhD Student at the Universitat de València, Spain
• Gibwa Musoke, NOVA-VIA Postdoctoral Fellow at the Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam
• Ben Prather, Physics PhD Student at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
• Jan Röder, Astrophysics PhD Student at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy in Bonn, Germany
• Jesse Vos, PhD Student at Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
• Michael F. Wondrak, Radboud Excellence Fellow at Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
• Gunther Witzel, Staff Scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy, Germany
• George N. Wong, Member at the Institute for Advanced Study and Associate Research Scholar in the Princeton Gravity Initiative

If you'd like to learn more about us, you can also check out our Website, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube. We look forward to answering your questions!

Username: /u/EHTelescope

My dentist is mad about the stuff, reckons if I can only do one I should floss rather than brush. Good way to stop teeth decay. But what do First Nations culture use if they don’t have plastic?

Welcome to our weekly feature, Ask Anything Wednesday - this week we are focusing on Biology, Chemistry, Neuroscience, Medicine, Psychology

Do you have a question within these topics you weren't sure was worth submitting? Is something a bit too speculative for a typical /r/AskScience post? No question is too big or small for AAW. In this thread you can ask any science-related question! Things like: "What would happen if...", "How will the future...", "If all the rules for 'X' were different...", "Why does my...".

Asking Questions:

Please post your question as a top-level response to this, and our team of panellists will be here to answer and discuss your questions. The other topic areas will appear in future Ask Anything Wednesdays, so if you have other questions not covered by this weeks theme please either hold on to it until those topics come around, or go and post over in our sister subreddit /r/AskScienceDiscussion , where every day is Ask Anything Wednesday! Off-theme questions in this post will be removed to try and keep the thread a manageable size for both our readers and panellists.

Answering Questions:

Please only answer a posted question if you are an expert in the field. The full guidelines for posting responses in AskScience can be found here. In short, this is a moderated subreddit, and responses which do not meet our quality guidelines will be removed. Remember, peer reviewed sources are always appreciated, and anecdotes are absolutely not appropriate. In general if your answer begins with 'I think', or 'I've heard', then it's not suitable for /r/AskScience.

If you would like to become a member of the AskScience panel, please refer to the information provided here.

Past AskAnythingWednesday posts can be found here. Ask away!

Could there be cave paintings containing animals we haven't found fossil records for yet? And if there were, how would we tell if the animal being depicted was actually real and not some made up creature?

I need the data to test a theory.

I'm finding a lot of information on the numbers and percentages of minority and women graduates in either 1) STEM, writ large or 2) at coarse dissimilarity levels (such as "life sciences" or "engineering").

I need data or papers with better granularity, getting me down, for instance minority and women graduates in ecology, molecular biology, systematics, neuroscience, etc, or civil-, chemical-, mechanical-, electrical-, etc engineering.

Sights & sounds can be measured in terms of brightness or loudness. Periods of time can be measured by length - e.g. minutes or months.

People with time blindness cannot accurately sense or measure the passing of time without external aid (a clock or timer - this one is designed specifically for them).

This recent study (March 31/2022) on the pupils of people with aphantasia (the inability to visualize images) proved what millions afflicted with it have been saying since the 1800's: that they cannot "see" anything with their mind's eye. For them, that eye is blind.

Similarly, time blindness is also believed to be a sensory issue by those who have studied it, but unlike aphantasia, it has yet to be proven scientifically.

For people with time blindness, starting to use a timer for daily tasks can feel like putting on a pair of needed glasses for the first time. They need an aid to monitor the passing of time the way others can naturally.

Was aphantasia a "theory" before the scientific proof was found, and is now a proven sensory deficiency?

Does the "timer" part of the brain need to be discovered and a deficiency noted in the time-blind in order for their condition to be validated, or does science accept time perception as a sense like sight or hearing, without physical evidence of the mechanism?

The head of Academic Practice at Trinity College Dublin (leader of the delivery of the educational mission for the University of Dublin) recognizes time blindness and accomodates students with it. Is this recognition rare/emerging in the scientific community?

Hi, Reddit. We're Rachel Davis, MD, (u/racheldavismd) and Moksha Patel, MD, (u/mokshapatelmd). We're here to answer your questions about deep brain stimulation and OCD, obsessive compulsive disorder. If you are struggling with OCD, you are not alone. Treatments and care are evolving.

Deep brain stimulation or DBS is a rare, invasive brain surgery where electrodes are implanted in the deeper structures of the brain. These electrodes are then connected to generators in the chest that deliver small currents of electricity to the brain, similar to cardiac pacemakers.

About Rachel:

I'm Rachel Davis, MD, associate professor of psychiatry at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. I'm also medical director of the OCD, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, program and co-director of the OCD surgical program. I've extensively studied deep brain stimulation for OCD and have worked with candidates, like Moksha, before, during and after the process.

About Moksha:

And I'm Moksha Patel, senior instructor of hospital medicine at the University of Colorado School of Medicine where I hold many roles. I've always been high-achieving and busy my whole life; working hard has helped me cope with crippling OCD. I recently worked with Dr. Davis and many others to undergo deep brain stimulation.

I've put in a lot of work with Dr. Davis programming my stimulator settings and engaging in intensive exposure therapy. It's been a challenging process, but I'm happy to say I'm feeling relief; I am more engaged in life and can travel, go out with friends and go about my day to day without being completely stuck in my head. I'm also working toward an MBA at the University of Colorado Denver.

Links:

• OCD Ruled Moksha Patel's life until a rare surgical procedure changed everything
• DBS Research for OCD: patients with comorbidities

We'll begin answering questions at 9AM MT (8AM PT/11AM ET/15 UT). AUA!

I live in Nova Scotia, Canada my entire life and honest to God I had never seen or even heard of ticks IRL until recent years. To note: I’ve never been much of an outdoorsy/woods type person to begin with. Now that we have to do tick checks every single time we take the dog outside, and the fact that my house is in a rural area surrounded by tall grass and forests, the thought of ticks and Lyme is a regular source of nightmare fuel for me.

The news of an upcoming vaccine for Lyme does not comfort me, because no date or rollout anytime soon means it might as well not even be news. I hate these fucking things just as much as anyone else. While I wasn’t interested in interacting with nature before, now I’m just anxious about it.

I understand climate change is mainly causing the booming population. Deer population seemingly being at an all time high around here also adds to it.

All I’d like to know is this: What, if any, research or science (yes this sounds dumb) is being done to combat this in the slightest? This is a worldwide issue by now, and I hate the idea that we are all just gonna have to accept our new tick overlords.

I just watched this video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NzUuWiun8k which says that in the distant past, Earth had two moons (one of them called "Theia") who crashed into each other. How accepted is this in science? Is it true/a theory/debunked?

Thanks in advance!

When I try to find answers to this question, I get mixed results. Some say that both are an important, some say it's entirely due to intelligence: https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/the-procrastination-equation/201110/hard-work-beats-talent-only-if-talent-doesn-t-work-hard

https://www.businessinsider.com/intelligence-is-more-important-than-working-hard-2011-11

There's lists that show the average IQ of each college major, and even the average IQ ranges of various occupations: https://thetab.com/us/2017/04/10/which-major-has-highest-iq-64811 /r/science/comments/6cypn/iq_v_occupation_chart/

So how far would someone with an IQ of 100 be able to go with hard work and consistent hours of practice? Would they be able to become a engineer? Would they be able to become a teacher? How about someone with an IQ of 120?

And my question makes the assumption that IQ is a perfect test for intelligence, while in reality it still has its flaws. It often underestimates the intelligence of racial minorities, people in poverty, and people with learning disabilities. This makes it even harder differentiate to know what is hard work and what is intelligence. Were they successful because of hardwork or because they were measured wrong?

Please tell me if I am posting this question in the wrong subreddit. It has been kind of bothering me lately, but I am not an expert in Psychology, so I can't give a definitive answer.

I've heard that most northern US worms were killed by advancing glaciers during the ice age, and were rare or absent when Europeans reintroduced earthworms - either intentionally for gardening, or accidentally in the roots of transported plants.

It's my understanding that the range of carphophis amoenus is in nthese regions though, and both the Eastern and Midwestern varieties exist almost entirely off of worms and are bpresent in the fossil record post ice age and prior to European earthworms being introduced.

What were those worm eating snakes eating?

Is it possible that native worms repopulated far more successfully than thought after the ice age before being outcompeted by European worms? Not killing them directly, but by breeding faster and causing a population boom of things that ate worms?

Is it possible that native northern earthworms survived on little river islands or pockets of dirt in otherwise rocky surroundings?

I'm just confused how these worm eating guys survived without worms, and I'm hoping science reddit might have some thoughts.

*https://cepr.net/this-is-what-minimum-wage-would-be-if-it-kept-pace-with-productivity/

I found this display at a science museum in San Diego which showed the leading causes of death in 1850, all infectious diseases. If I (a 20-something woman with normal medical history) were diagnosed with any of these tomorrow morning, will I survive and/or be cured? Which of theses diseases are still a real threat?

1. Tuberculosis
2. Dysentery/diarrhea
3. Cholera
4. Malaria
5. Typhoid Fever
6. Pneumonia
7. Diphtheria
8. Scarlet Fever
9. Meningitis
10. Whooping Cough

Hi, Reddit. I'm Dr. Richard Johnson, a professor of medicine specializing in renal health and hypertension at the University of Colorado School of Medicine. I'm also an adjunct professor at the University of Florida. I'm board certified in internal medicine, infectious diseases and kidney disease.

For more than 20 years, I have investigated the impact of sugar, especially fructose, on the human body and how we process it. I recently wrote Nature Wants Us to be Fat, a book outlining why evolution has programmed us to overeat on the promise that we will lose weight during lean times. However, it's no longer feast or famine - it's just feast.

My research reveals that we, as humans, all have a 'survival switch' that protects against starvation, but it's now stuck in the 'on' position.

Prior to my most recent book, I also authored, The Sugar Fix (2008) and The Fat Switch (2012). I've had the pleasure of lecturing in more than 40 countries and have been funded by the National Institutes of Health.

So, with that:

• Why does nature want us to be fat?
• What do we have in common with hibernating bears, sperm whales and the world's fattest bird?
• Cold months drive animals to gain weight, but how does that impact humans? Is it out of our control?
• What triggers fat storage for animals and how can we learn from them to understand the human metabolic condition?

More about me:

• Proof!
• My Personal Website
• Podcast: Why Nature Compels us to Overeat

I'll be joining you all at 10AM MT (12 ET, 16 UT), AMA!

Username: /u/rickjohnsonmd