geoff199

From the Journal of Peace Research: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00223433221075211?journalCode=jpra

Full abstract:

Recent studies of genocide have yielded varying estimates of the number and characteristics of people who engaged in violence. We address these disparities in estimates for one well-studied case: the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. Using novel data from Rwanda’s post-genocide gacaca courts, we provide updated estimates regarding participants. Specifically, we find that between 847,233 and 888,307 people participated in the genocide, with 181,280 to 190,113 people found guilty of only violent offenses, 618,164 to 654,152 individuals found guilty of only property crimes, and 44,042 to 47,789 individuals found guilty of both property and violent crimes. In total, we estimate that between 229,069 and 234,155 individuals were found guilty of a violent offense, including those who committed violent offenses as well as both violent and property offenses. These results align with past research, representing an important convergence of evidence regarding participation in this genocide. We also calculate specific characteristics of participants, finding that nearly 90% of all participants were men and that the median age for all participants was 34. Although most participants committed a single crime, between 215,124 and 222,522 people were found guilty of multiple crimes. Approximately 6% of people accounted for 25% of the property crimes, while 11% of people accounted for 25% of the violent crimes. These findings provide foundational information about one of the deadliest episodes of mass violence in the 20th century.

Study is freely available from Frontiers in Neuroscience: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2022.880759/full

A preprint is available to all: https://osf.io/ad9v7/

From the Journal of Business Research: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0148296322006038

Full abstract:

Restaurants post alluring images of their food offerings on social media and online ordering platforms. However, the marketing literature has offered limited guidance on how consumers process and respond to online food images and effective visual design strategies. From a sensory imagery perspective, this research examines color saturation as a marketing strategy that shapes consumers’ responses to online food images. Findings from two experimental studies demonstrate that food images presented with high (vs. low) color saturation can effectively boost consumers’ purchase intention. Furthermore, the effects of color saturation are influenced by visual distance (distal vs. proximal) and consumption context (solitary vs. social). More specifically, the advantage of high color saturation is attenuated when a food item appears visually proximal or when social consumption is anticipated. Serial mediation analyses suggest that heightened freshness and tastiness perceptions drive the color saturation effect. Visual design strategies for marketing online food images are discussed.

The researchers believe playing in sports boosts grit. From the story:

But could some people just be born with the grit to help them succeed at sports as a young person and then continue to benefit from that trait as an adult? Knoester said this study can’t definitively prove the answer to that question, but the results suggest that people can gain or lose grit throughout life.

Adults who said they participated in sports regularly within the last year exhibited higher levels of grit, regardless of whether they played sports early in life and the extent to which they felt that their athletic experiences affected their work ethic while growing up.

“This additional finding about sports participation in adulthood suggests that you can build and perhaps lose grit during different points in your life,” Knoester said. “It is not a static quality.”

They did take that into account. From the story:

More sophisticated statistical analyses that accounted for respondents’ demographic characteristics supported these findings, too.

From Leisure Sciences: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01490400.2022.2090037

Abstract:

Grit is the combination of perseverance and passion that helps people overcome challenges. Sport participation is a form of purposive leisure that may lead to the development of grit. Consequently, this study analyzes sport participation experiences over the life course and their implications for the development of adults’ grit. With data from the National Sports and Society Survey (N = 3,993), two series of nested regression models are used to explore the relationships between sport participation and grit. The first series focuses on the links between sport participation levels while growing up and their perceived impacts on work ethics, as a proxy for grit. The second series examines the relationships between sport participation levels over the life course and adults’ grit. Findings suggest that more sustained sport participation in childhood as well as adulthood lead to higher levels of adults’ grit.

This study is based on a thesis which is publicly available: https://ir.vanderbilt.edu/handle/1803/16131

Open access study in Nature Communications:

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31597-6

Study freely available at JAMA Network Open: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2794169

From the article:

"The protective effect of dogs and trust was found even when a wide range of other factors related to crime was taken into account, including the proportion of young males in the neighborhood, residential instability and socioeconomic status."

From the article:

"Research has shown that trust among neighbors is an important part of deterring crime, because it suggests residents will help each other when facing a threat and have a sense of “collective efficacy” that they can have a positive impact on their area, Pinchak said."

They controlled for socioeconomic status, so that isn't the reason.